Indian Astrology/Hindu Astrology is the method of calculating planets and stars which has developed in India. Even today in India, almanacs are prepared using this method, on the basis of which religious ceremonies and festivals are celebrated across the country. In the present times, most of the almanacs are presented using the method of Surya Siddhant, Makarand Saranis and Grahalaghav. Some almanacs are also prepared which are presented Bhartiy Nirnay Paddhati.

In ancient India, astrology meant the study of the movements of planets and stars, i.e. the study of the universe. Over time, due to the inclusion of astrology, the meaning of the word astrology changed and now it is considered to be the science of predicting the future of people.

Introduction and History

The oldest available literature of India is Vedic literature. Indians of the Vedic period used to perform yagya. To get specific results of Yagyas, it was necessary to perform them at the prescribed time, hence from the Vedic period itself, Indians started gaining knowledge of time from the positions of Sun and Moon through Vedhas. According to the details given in the report of the Panchang Reform Committee (page 218), the Aryans of the Rigveda period had acquired the knowledge of the lunisolar year calculation system. They also knew the 12 lunar months and the supermonth that relates the lunar months to the solar year. The day was expressed by the constellation of the moon. He had knowledge of the lunar zodiac which was useful for understanding the lunar movements. The number of days in the year was 366, from which 12 days were subtracted for the lunar year. According to the report, the time of the Aryans of the Rig Vedic period must be at least 1,200 years BC. According to Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s Orayan, this time falls about 4000 years before the Shaka era.

During the Yajurveda period, Indians had named 12 months as Madhu, Madhav, Shukra, Shuchi, Namas, Namasya, Ish, Urja, Sahasra, Tapas and Tapasya. Later, on the same Purnima, depending on the constellation of the Moon, Chaitra, Vaishakh, Jyeshtha, Ashadh, Shravan, Bhadrapada, Ashwin, Kartik, Margashirsha, Paush, Magh and Phalgun were formed. The complete number of constellations and the names of their presiding deities are also found in Yajurveda. Yajurveda also imagines Tithi and Paksha, North and South Ayana and Equinox day. Equinox day is the day when the Sun is at the intersection of the equator and the ecliptic. According to Shri Shankar Balkrishna Dixit, the Aryans of Yajurveda period had knowledge of Guru, Venus and Rahu-Ketu. There is disagreement among scholars regarding the period of composition of Yajurveda. Even if we take the opinion of Keith, a western bias, then Yajurveda was composed 600 years before Christ. After this comes the period of Vedanga astrology, which ranges from 1,400 BC to 400 BC. According to Vedanga astrology, an era of five years has been considered, which consists of 1830 mean Saavan days, 62 lunar months, 1860 Tithis and 67 sidereal months. The names of the five years of the era are: Samvatsar, Parivatsar, Idavatsar, Anuvatsar and Idvavatsar. According to this, dates and lunar constellations were calculated. According to this, the mean Sawan days of the months have also been calculated. The important thing that we find in Vedanga astrology is the concept of era, in which the favorable date etc. has been determined by finding the medium speed on the basis of direct observations of Sun and Moon. In the texts of later theoretical astrology, the middle planets have been determined by adopting this system.

There is no book available for astrological calculations within the period of Vedanga Astrology and Siddhanta Astrology. But in the literature of this period, there is such evidence from which it is clear that the knowledge of astrology has been increasing, for example, at many places in the Mahabharata, there is description of the position of the planets, planetary conjunction, planetary war etc. It is clear from this that during the time of Mahabharata, Indians were aware of the positions of the planets and their positions.

The first sacred text written using the Siddhanta astrology system is Aryabhata I’s Aryabhatiyam (Saka No. 421). After that, there is Siddhantpanchika edited by Barahamihir (Saka No. 427), which contains the collection of Pitamah, Vasistha, Romak, Pulisha and Surya Siddhantas. This shows that these doctrinal texts were prevalent before Barahamihir, but there is no indication of the period of their creation. Generally, Indian astrology writers have considered them as Apaurusheya. Modern scholars have estimated their periods and they are different from each other. It is certain that these Vedangas had become prevalent during the time of astrology and Barahamihira. The main doctrinal texts written after this are: Brahmasphutasiddhanta of Brahmagupta (Shaka no. 520), Shishyadhivrudhid of Lall (Shaka no. 560), Siddhantashekhar of Shripati (Shaka no. 961), Siddhantashiromani of Bhaskaracharya (Shaka no. 1036), Ganesh (Shaka no. 1420). )’s Grahalaghava and Kamalakar Bhatt’s (Saka No. 1530) Siddhanta-Tattva-Viveka.

There are two classifications of texts on mathematical astrology: Siddhant texts and Karan texts. Siddhanta texts are written according to the Yugadi or Kalpadi method and Karana texts are written according to the calculation method of the beginning of a doubt. The main topics covered in mathematics and astrology texts are: calculation of intermediate planets, calculation of obvious planets, direction, space and time, Sun and Moon eclipse, planetary conjunction, shadow of planets, rising of planets from Sun conjunction, rising of Moon, analysis of leaves and analysis of instruments.

Ganana Pranali

The circumference of the entire circle is taken to be 360. Its 360th part is a fraction, its 60th part is a kala, 60th part of a kala is a vikla, 60th part of a vikla is a prativikla. There is a zodiac sign of 30 degrees. To calculate the planets, 12 parts of the ecliptic in which the Sun is seen moving are considered. These parts are called by the names of zodiac signs like Aries, Taurus etc. To tell the position of the planet, starting from Meshadi, the planet’s zodiac sign, body parts, kala, and vikala are told. This is the Bhogansh of the planet. In theory texts, the sines and cosine of a quadrilateral (an arc of 90 degrees) are often found by dividing it into 24 parts. Their values remain artistic. The sine of an arc of 90 is the semidiameter of the large circle, which is called the radius. It is derived from the following formula:

Circumference = (3927 / 1250) x diameter

Calendar

From one rising to the next rising of the medium Sun (Lankodayasanna) moving at the same speed in the equator, there is a medium monsoon day. It is similar to the present day English word ‘civil day’. 60 Ghatis in a Saavan day; 1 hour 24 minutes sixty seconds; 1 pal 24 seconds is 60 vipal and two and a half vipal is 1 second. The period of Earth’s revolution relative to a fixed point (constellation) of the Sun is called solar year. This fixed point is Meshadi. Till the end of the fifth century AD, this point was at the coincidence of the ecliptic and the equator. Now it has moved approximately 23° west from that place, which is called Ayanamsha. Ayanagati is not the same in different texts. This is considered to be approximately 1 art per year. The current micro aphelion is 50.2 Vikala. The year scale of the Siddhanta writers is 365 days 15 days 31 days 31 days 24 per year. Its actual value is 8। 34। 37 paladi is more. During this period, the speed of the Sun is 8.27″. Thus, due to our year scale, the solstice is more imagined. The solar year is used to calculate the years. The lunar months are used to calculate the month. When the Sun and the Moon are in Rashyadi. When they are equal then it is called Amanta period and when they are at a difference of 6 zodiac signs then it is called Purnimanta period. There is one lunar month from one Amanta to the other, but the condition is that in that time the Sun must move from one zodiac sign to another. Yes. The lunar month in which the Sun’s solstice does not fall is called Adhimaas. In such a year, there are 13 months instead of 12. Similarly, if two Sankrantis fall in a lunar month, one month will be lost. Thus, even though the measurements are lunar, this system is still associated with the solar system. The unit of lunar day is called Tithi. It is equal to one-twelfth of the difference between the Sun and the Moon. Our religious days are associated with dates. 1 The constellation in which the Moon resides is called Chandra Nakshatra. In ancient times, lunar constellations were used in place of Vaar. Yuga system is adopted to express larger values of time. that goes:

Kritayuga (Satyuga) 17,28,000 years

Dwapar 12,96,000 years

Treta 8, 64,000 years

Kali 4,32,000 years

Yoga Mahayuga 43,20,000 years

Kalpa 1000 Mahayuga 4,32,00,00,000 years

According to the data given in Surya Siddhanta, Kaliyuga started on 17 February 3102 BC. The system of counting dates from the era, similar to the Julian day numbers, can be helpful in calculating all dates in the past and future.

Middle Planet Calculation

The rotation of the Earth relative to the planet’s axis is called a gyration. In the Siddhant texts, divisions are given between the Yugas, or Kalpagrahas. The number of Sawan days is also given in the middle of Yuga or Kalpa. If the planets are in Meshadi at the beginning of the Yuga or Kalpa, then by knowing the middle day (Ahargana), the middle planet can be taken out from Trirashika. According to the definition of Bhagana, the average speed of Mercury and Venus is considered to be the same as that of the Sun. Their maximum speed has been considered equal to their actual speed. These planets come north of the meridian of Rekhadesh, i.e. Ujjaini, and are made the sun and sunrise of their place through longitude and variable rites.

Dim Clear Planet

The portion of the apparent Sun and Moon at the time when the apparent speed of the apparent Sun and Moon is lowest should be considered as the offering of their Mandyokha. The difference between Spast Ravi Chandra and Madhyam Ravi Chandra  is called Mandaphal. There will be a trough at a distance of 180 from the trough. From Mandochocha to six zodiac signs, the clear Sun and Moon lag behind the medium Sun and Moon. That’s why the slow result is debt. Mandakendra is the noun for the difference between a planet from its maximum to its maximum. At a difference of 3 zodiac signs from Mandhocha, Mandhaphal is Paramardhi. It is called retarded fruit. From Mandhanich to Mandochchh, the clear planet is ahead of the middle planet, hence Mandhaphal is wealth. To find out the dim effect of dimly visible Sun and Moon, two types of areas are imagined, which are called Bhangi. The name of the first one is Prativritta Bhangi. Considering the Earth as the centre, a circle was drawn with half of its radius, it became an orbit. By cutting a circle equal to the sine of the diminished hyperbola on its vertical diameter and drawing a circle with a radius of 1 radius from the center, it will be a retarded reflex. The middle planet was imagined to be moving in retrograde. If an arc is cut in the orbit circle equal to the centroid, then there will be a middle planet of the orbit circle. Where the line drawn from the Earth’s center to the planet located on the ecliptic intersects the orbit, it will be a dim planet. The difference between the middle and the faintest planet in the orbit will be dim. For the lowest declination, a circle is drawn from the middle planet located on the orbit with half the diameter equal to the obtuse tangent, which is called the obtuse circle. The line going from the center of the orbit to the middle planet, where it touches the faint perihelion, is considered as aphelion, and in the faint perihelion, the planet is imagined in the opposite direction, at equal degrees from the center. The place where the line joining the Earth’s center to the planet (the hypotenuse) intersects the orbit, there will be a faint planet. In this way, the Sun and Moon, dimmed, are visible to us at those places, because we see their movement relative to the Earth’s center. There is a similar idea of getting negative results for the remaining planets also. Their Mandhochha is known by comparing the clear planet with the knowledge of the dim and clear planet. These dim planets are not visible because the Earth is not the center of their rotation. It is clear from the above discussion that a faint planet is the longitude of a planet rotating in its orbit. Therefore, quick results have been envisioned for the five planets to create the landscape.

Spasth Grah

Early results are expected to clarify Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn. For this also, Bhangis like Mand Prativritta and Mandani Choccha are imagined, for which the word Ghurd is placed in place of Mand. For interplanetary planets, only the actual intermediate planets are called Svidhochcha. The maximum elongation angle between them is called ultimate elongation, the sine of ultimate elongation is called ultimate elongation. The difference between the planet (Madhyamaravi) and the extreme is the extreme center. In this, early fruits are taken out by making bhangis like those made for late fruits. By this type of Sanskar, the position of the planet becomes known by observing the planet’s preferred Sun-Sun transition angle. For exoplanets, the maximum speed of heliocentric parallax and the speed of sun are considered to be the maximum speed. The Acharyas have prescribed the method of performing the rituals of early fruit in such a way that the actual offering of the available planets can be achieved.

Planetary orbits

The orbits of the planets are progressively further away from the Earth in the order of Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Earth, Jupiter and Saturn. Their center is considered to be the Earth. Although the radius of each orbit has been assumed to be equal to the radius for the means of the planets, yet due to the difference in their radii, their distances come in different types. On comparing the instants and radii with planetary orbital diameter and Sun orbital diameter, the diameters of the orbits of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn are .3694, .7278, 1.5139, 5.1429 and 9.2308 respectively relative to the distance of the Sun from the Earth. Modern microscopic values are .3871, .7233, 1.5237, 5.2028 and 9.5288. The coincidence of the planet’s orbit and the ecliptic is called Paat. The path of travel of the planet is called the universe. The angle between the ecliptic and the disc is called ultimate deflection. Their values have been found to be geocentric. Tamograha Rahu and Ketu are always visualized on the sides of the moon. The motion of the leaf is reverse.

Lien rights include the mathematics of eclipses of the Sun and the Moon. An eclipse of the Moon is considered to be due to it entering the penumbral shadow and a solar eclipse is considered to be due to the Moon covering the Sun. Due to parallax in a solar eclipse, there is a huge difference between the geocentric Moon and the Moon visible to us. Therefore, for this, knowledge of parallax is used.

In Chandrasringonnati, the phases of the moon are known. In Grahachhayadhikar, the method of Vedha in the rising period and Ishta period of the planets and in Patadhikhar, the revolution of Sun and Moon is considered. If the conjunction of Sion Rivchandra is equal to 180° when the ion is different and is in the same hemisphere, and if the same conjunction is equal to 360° at the time of Vyatipat and the ion is in a different hemisphere, then there is validity in the revolution. Both of these are prohibited for auspicious works. Grahayuti is the mathematics of situations of extreme proximity of planets (war union). The regulators of the constellations are given in Bhagrahayuti.

The date sheet made from the Indian astrology system is called Panchang. Panchang has five parts: Tithi, Vaar, Nakshatra, Yoga and Karana. Apart from these, the daily, daily ascendant, planetary positions, rise and set of the planets and moonrise from the Sun’s conjunction are given in the Panchang. Apart from these, various auspicious times and religious festivals are mentioned in them.